Addressing the Legal Gaps in AI Regulation for National Security: The Case of Ukraine's Defense Sector
| Pages | 56-85 |
| Date | 01 October 2025 |
| Published date | 01 October 2025 |
| Author | Oleh Semenenko,Serhii Kirsanov,Artur Movchan,Maryna Sliusarenko,Vladyslav Horhulenko |
56
Addressing the Legal Gaps in AI Regulation for National Security... (p. 56-85)
SEMENENKO, O.; KIRSANOV, S.; MOVCHAN, A.; SLIUSARENKO, M.; HORHULENKO, V.
Addressing the Le gal Gaps in AI Regulation fo r National Security: The Case o f Ukraine's Defense Sector
.
The Law,
State and Tele communications Revi ew
, v. 17, no. 2, p. 56-85, October 2025.
Addressing the Legal Gaps in AI Regulation for
National Security: The Case of Ukraine's Defense
Sector
Submitted
: 3 Decemb er 2024
Oleh Semenenko*
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6477-3414
Serhii Kirsanov**
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-0369
Artur Movchan***
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0559-4962
Maryna Sliusarenko****
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4165-3908
Vladyslav Horhulenko*****
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6382-5075
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26512/lstr.v17i2.56351
Reviewed
: 13 January 2025
Revised
: 24 Apri l 2025
Accepted
: 26 April 2 025
Article submitted to peer blind rev iew
Licensed under a Creative Common s Attribution 4.0 International
Abstract
[Purpose]
The purpose of this study was to develop a scientif ic a nd m ethodological
framework for legal regulation of the introduction of artificial intelligence syste ms to
ensure cyber security in the defense sector of Ukraine.
[Methodology]
This paper evaluates the weaknesses in Ukra ine's present legislation
related to AI in defen se cybersecurity by comparing leg islative frameworks througho ut the
world. Based on case studies and expert interv iews, it a lso cr eates a r isk as sessment
methodology and suggests legislative changes to clo se these gaps.
[Findings]
Thirty experts in national secur ity, law, and cybersecuri ty par ticipated in the
expert survey. The study's conclusio ns highlight serious flaws in Ukraine's legal framewor k
*
Oleh Se menenko is a Full Doctor and Deputy Head of the Institute for Scientific Wor k,
Department of Economic Analysis of Development Measures of the Armed Forces of
Ukraine, Central Research Instit ute of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. E-
mail: olehsemenenko36@g mail.com.
**
Serhii Kirsanov is a Full Doctor and Head of the Research and Deve lopment Department
of Au tomation and Information and Communication Systems, Cen tral Research Institute
of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv, U kraine.
***
Artur Movchan is a PhD and Head of the Research Department, Centre for Mathem atical
Modelling of Military and Non -military Activities, Central Research Institute of the Armed
Forces of Ukra ine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
****
Maryna Sliusar enko is a PhD and Senior Researcher at the Research a nd Development
Directorate for Defence Man agement and Develo pment, Central Re search Institute of the
Armed Force s of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine .
*****
Vladyslav Horhulenko is a Postgraduate Student at the Scientific and Organisational
Department, Central Research Institute of the Armed Forces of U kraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Addressing the Legal Gaps in AI Regulation for National Security... (p. 56-85) 57
SEMENENKO, O.; KIRSANOV, S.; MOVCHAN, A.; SLIUSARENKO, M.; HORHULENKO, V.
Addressing the Le gal Gaps in AI Regulation fo r National Security: The Case o f Ukraine's Defense Sector
.
The Law,
State and Tele communications Revi ew
, v. 17, no. 2, p. 56-85, October 2025.
for governing AI in defense cyb ersecurity, most notab ly the lack of precise d efinitions for
autonomous cyb er defense systems and AI syste ms. It is difficult to adequately addres s the
hazards connected to the integration of AI techno logy into vital defen se infra structure
because of this lack of regulatory clarity. Key legal dan gers are identified by the stud y,
including poss ible human rights violations such as inva sions of privacy, restrictions on the
right to fre e speech, and the possibility of discrimi nation. Concerns about autonomous AI
systems' accoun tability for their deeds as well as regulator y non-co mpliance brought on by
out-of-date or insufficient legislation are also brought to light. The p aper also h ighlights
moral conundr ums that AI decision -making systems may present, which could ha ve
significant effects on b oth indiv idual rights and national security. The rep ort urges the
creation of specialized l aw that includes precise d efinitions, certification pr ocedures,
accountability systems, and transpare ncy for AI system s used in the defense indu stry to
address these problem s. These re sults demonstra te ho w urgently Ukraine must revise its
legal syste m to guarantee that AI i ntegration complies with con temporary technical
advancement s as well as the values of h uman rights and national security.
[Practical imp lications]
The results o f the study have co nsiderable potential for practical
application in the development of regulations and cybersec urity strategies in Ukraine ,
especially in th e context of hybrid threa ts and information warfare .
[Originality]
This study deve lops a scientific and method ological framework for the le gal
regulation of artificial inte lligence systems to enhance cyberse curity in Ukraine 's defense
sector. It identifies significa nt g aps i n Uk rainian legislation, proposes the Legal Risk
Assessment Matrix to evaluate AI-related legal risk s, and offers legislative
recommenda tions, including the creat ion of a dedicated law on AI regulation.
Keywords
: Economic Security . Cybersecurity Regulation. AI Gov ernance. Cyber Threats.
Legal System .
INTRODUCTION
Legally regulating the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the defen se
industry is becoming a crucial component of national security in light of the
quickening pace of technical develo pment and the changing geopolitical
landscape. For Ukraine, which is leading the charge to protect d emocratic
principles and territorial integrity in the face of hybrid warfare and ongoing
cyberthreats, this issue is especially urgent. The rapid advancement of AI
technology offers previously unheard-of possibilities for improving cy ber
defense, but it also poses difficult problems for the legal system. It must properly
balance protecting national security while respecting fundamental hum an rights,
encouraging innovation, and guaranteeing ethical compliance. Ukraine urgently
needs a flexible, all-encompassing, and efficient legal framework that is in line
with contemporary technological realities, international standards, and Ukraine's
particular situation as a state fending off hybrid threats (a combination of military,
cyber, economic, and informational tactics used to achieve political or strategic
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