O que é Filosofia do Direito
Autor | José Antonio Tobias |
Ocupação do Autor | Doutor e Livre-Docente em Filosofia. Professor de Filosofia do Direito na Faculdade de Direito de Alta Floresta |
Páginas | 93-96 |
Page 93
A Filosofia, como se expôs acima, é a ciência das causas supremas do ente, ou então, tomando literalmente a definição da Metafísica, de Aristóteles, é a ciência "do ente enquanto ente"91. Como consequência, a Filosofia do Direito será a ciência das causas supremas do direito. Parece simples e pouca coisa esta definição por ocupar uma linha deste livro mas sua energia e seu poder são infindáveis, incomensuráveis.
Inicialmente, diz-se que a Filosofia do Direito é ciência. Mas, por que e como a Filosofia do Direito se torna ciência? Por dois motivos e dois meios: 1.º - porque ela é um conjunto, ordenado, de verdades unidas entre si sobre um determinado assunto, que é o direito; 2.º - porque na aquisição de todo esse conjunto de verdades, usa um método científico, que é o método analítico-sintético, o método indutivo-dedutivo.
Só para recordar a explicação das quatro causas, vindas de Aristóteles, tomar-se-á, de novo, o exemplo, do início deste livro ao se definir a "Noção de Filosofia": "João fez um busto de bronze para a exposição". As causas supremas, ou seus dois sinônimos: "causas últimas ou causas primeiras", são quatro: causa eficiente, causa final, causa material e causa formal. Causa eficiente é João enquanto fez o busto. Causa final é a finalidade: "para a exposição". Causa material é a matéria de que é feito o ser: é o bronze. Causa formal é a forma (tanto externa quanto interna) dada ao bronze: a forma de busto. Essas quatro causas, por existirem em todos os entes (os entes imaterais não têm a causa material) são chamadas de causas supremas, últimas ou primeiras, pois existem milhares, milhões, trilhões de causas no universo que não abrangem todos os entes, sendo por conseguinte chamadas de causas próximas, que constituem o objeto das ciências positivas. Por isso, só as quatro causas supremas são chamadas de últimas ou primeiras.
Page 94
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- O que é Filosofia do Direito
- As Filosofias do Direito do Brasil
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- A Filosofia Positivista do Direito
- A Filosofia Kantiana do Direito
- A Filosofia do Direito de Farias Brito
- A Filosofia do Direito de Miguel Reale
- Índice de Assuntos
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