Finalidade da prova
Autor | Manoel Antonio Teixeira Filho |
Páginas | 36-37 |
Page 36
Visa a prova, fundamentalmente, a convencer o juiz, que figura, deste modo, como o seu principal destinatário (iudice fit probatur).
Diríamos não apenas convencer, mas, sobretudo, constringir e nortear a formação do seu convencimento, pois sabemos que, em princípio, o julgador não pode decidir contra a prova existente nos autos, sob pena de nulidade da sentença. O princípio da persuasão racional, que havia sido adotado pelo CPC de 1973 (art. 131), desautorizava o juiz a julgar segundo a sua íntima convicção, impondo-lhe que o fizesse de maneira fundamentada; a fundamentação, no caso, era feita com vistas à prova produzida e traduzia - como ainda traduz -uma exigência constitucional (Const. Federal, art. 93, inciso IX).
O mencionado princípio reside no art. 371, do CPC de 2015: "O juiz apreciará a prova constante dos autos, independentemente do sujeito que a tiver produzido, e indicará na decisão as razões da formação do seu convencimento".
Tem razão, portanto, Pontes de Miranda (op. cit., p. 332), ao afirmar que o Estado impõe ao magistrado certas regras de convicção, mais ou menos rígidas, a que tem de obedecer, "regras que vão do máximo (sistema da livre convicção do juiz) até o mínimo de liberdade (sistema da taxação da prova)".
Também podemos afirmar, com Armando Porras López (op. cit., p. 246), que a finalidade da prova "es el de hacer que el juez, mediante el procedimiento lógico del razonamiento, encuentre la verdad" verdade formal, acrescente-se, na medida em que, como dissemos (Capítulo III), nem sempre a real acaba sendo transportada para os autos.
Em resumo: é da prova que nasce a certeza jurídica do julgador ("ex proba-tione oritur fides iuridica").
A partir da prova existente nos autos, o juiz inicia, por um processo ou método de raciocínio indutivo (extraindo uma conclusão geral dos fatos particulares), a justa composição da lide. Metáfora à parte, é possível asseverar-se que a prova constitui o caminho por onde deve, obrigatoriamente, passar o seu raciocínio em busca da verdade. "Con las pruebas aportadas por el actor y el demandado, ambas partes tratan que la congruencia entre la idea que ellos tienen de una cosa y la cosa misma (la verdad de ellos), sea la que se estructure en el espíritu del juez, naturalmente, según sea el actor, o el demandado", observa, por outro lado, Porras López (idem, ibidem).
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