Ramos do Direito
Autor | Edson Jacinto da Silva |
Páginas | 35-38 |
Page 35
A ideia de que, acima das leis positivas, existe um direito que serve de modelo às leis humanas vem desde a Grécia. Atravessou a história humana e jamais vai desaparecer, porque ela se confunde com a própria noção de justiça.
O homem nunca se conformou em reconhecer que a Lei tem um caráter puramente estatal, independente de um conteúdo ético.
Opondo-se aos que alegam o relativismo histórico da moral e das ideias, criou-se um “direito natural de conteúdo variável”.
Gény falou do “irredutível direito natural”, outros falam do “renascimento do direito natural”. O Julgamento de Nuremberg foi uma inequívoca vitória do direito natural, pois pelas leis positivas não havia base legal para se processarem vencidos numa guerra. Em suma, o direito natural é ideia e é sentimento.
É um direito que brilha quando mais se precisa dele: em épocas de crise. É o direito da crise contra a crise do direito.
Segundo Paulo Bonavides, existe o indivíduo em função do Estado e não o Estado em função daquele, à maneira do que veio a afirmar posteriormente o jusnaturalismo, numa inversão fundamental que distingue todo o pensamento da Antiguidade do pensamento moderno, até esbarrar este nas tendências contemporâneas, de retorno, aliás, à supremacia aristotélica e platônica da comunidade sobre o indivíduo23.
Marco Túlio Cícero (106 a.C-43 a.C),, em sua imortal obra denominada República, leciona que existe, pois, uma verdadeira lei, a reta razão congruente com a natureza, que se estende a todos os homens e é constante e eterna; seus mandamentos chamam ao dever e suas proibições afastam do mal. E não ordena nem proíbe em vão aos homens bons nem influi nos maus.
Page 36
Não é lícito tratar de modificar essa lei, nem permitido revogá-la parcialmente, e é impossível anulá-la por inteiro. Nem o senado nem o povo podem excluir-nos do cumprimento dessa lei, nem requer ninguém que a explique ou interprete. Não é uma em Roma e outra em Atenas, uma agora e outra depois, senão uma lei única, eterna e imutável, que obriga todos os homens e para todos os tempos: e existe um mestre e governante comum de todos, Deus, que é o autor, intérprete e juiz dessa lei e que impõe seu cumprimento.
Quem não obedece foge de si mesmo e de sua natureza de homem, e por isso se faz merecedor das penas máximas, embora escape aos diversos suplícios comumente considerados como tais.
O direito natural...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Manual do Assessor Jurídico Municipal
- Nota da 7ª edição
- Apresentação
- Noções de Direito
- Fontes do Direito
- Direito Objetivo e Direito Subjetivo
- Ramos do Direito
- Direito Público
- Teoria do Estado
- Fundamentos da Organização Nacional
- O Município Brasileiro
- Da Organização Municipal
- Competências Municipais
- Autonomia do Município
- Da Organização dos Poderes
- Dos Tributos Municipais
- Do Orçamento Municipal
- Do Código de Posturas Municipais
- Código de Obras
- Lei do Loteamento Urbano
- Lei de Zoneamento, Ocupação e Uso do Solo Urbano
- Alienação de Bens Municipais
- Técnica Legislativa Municipal
- Regimento Interno
- Desapropriação
- A Reforma Administrativa
- O Poder Legislativo Municipal
- O Vereador
- Legislatura
- Previdência Municipal
- Comentários à Lei nº 10.028, de 19 de outubro de 2000
- Sindicância
- Processo Administrativo Disciplinar
- Da Licitação e do Contrato Administrativo
- Precatórios
- Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal
- Direito Tributário
- Do Risco Ambiental do Trabalho. RAT - FAT
- O Estatuto da Cidade
- Lei de Responsabilidade das Estatais
- Do Tratamento dispensado aos municípios, pelo Novo Código de Processo Civil
- A Lei Complementar 157/2016
- Parte prática
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