Segurança, terrorismo e novos paradigmas internacionais
Autor | Carlos Roberto Husek |
Ocupação do Autor | Desembargador do TRT da 2ª Região - Professor da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo |
Páginas | 330-335 |
Page 330
A paz e a segurança dependem da atuação dos envolvidos nos conlitos. O art. 33 da Carta da ONU estabelece, como já vimos no capítulo XIII deste livro, que os conlitos devem ter uma solução negociada, isto é, pacíica, por entendimento.
Caso isso não ocorra, outras possibilidades se abrem como a arbitragem, a Corte Internacional de Justiça, a conciliação perante os organismos internacionais ou qualquer outro meio pacíico.
Caso, todavia, nada resolva, o Conselho de Segurança da ONU poderá entrar em cena. O referido Conselho pode ser acionado antes de tudo e/ou agir por conta própria, não há uma regra a ser seguida. A única regra é a busca da paz pela solução pacíica. A guerra deve ser evitada a todo custo.
A ONU tem um efetivo papel político nos conlitos e eventualmente uma ação coercitiva. Fala-se, também, em operações peace-keeping, isto é, de manutenção da paz.
Assim a ONU tem esse tríplice papel no que se refere à segurança mun-dial: político, coercitivo e de manutenção.
O Capítulo VII da Carta intitula-se “Ação Relativa a Ameaças à Paz, Ruptura da Paz e Atos de Agressão” e nele se encontram as possibilidades de ação no sistema internacional para o alcance desses objetivos.
As medidas a serem tomadas no caso de ameaça do uso de força por qualquer ente internacional são econômicas, políticas e até militar. A ONU tem o monopólio de tais medidas, comportando duas exceções: o direito de legítima defesa, individual ou coletivo, no caso de ataque armado contra um membro das Nações Unidas e as medidas coercitivas relativas a citados inimigos, considerados como tais aqueles que na Segunda Guerra Mundial foram inimigos dos signatários da Carta da ONU (arts. 51, 53, 107 da Carta).
O Conselho de Segurança da ONU tem o poder de deinir, em determinadas situações, o que constitui ameaça ou ruptura da paz (art. 39). Deinidas
Page 331
tais situações o referido Conselho adota recomendações para resolver o problema ou medidas provisórias (art. 40), além de outras, como, por exemplo, a interrupção completa ou parcial das relações econômicas, dos meios ferro-viários, marítimos, aéreos, postais, telegráicos, radiofônicos e diplomáticos, convidando os Estados-membros a aplicar tais medidas (art. 41).
Caso ainda entenda necessário, o Conselho de Segurança poderá levar a efeito a ação que julgar imprescindível, por intermédio de forças aéreas, navais ou terrestres (art. 42). Tais forças serão formadas pelos membros das Nações Unidas (art. 43), uma vez que a ONU não tem força militar própria.
Dessa forma, poderá a ONU utilizar-se de ações coercitivas, como ocorreram na Guerra do Golfo, na Bósnia-Herzegovina, no Haiti, na Somália e em Ruanda. Tudo deve acontecer com a cooperação dos Estados-membros. Lembramos que a ONU é intergovernamental e não supranacional, e, todavia, constitui a única organização política e de segurança universal.
Para essa inalidade, no entanto, o sistema mostra-se vulnerável porque a condução de qualquer atividade estratégica passa pelos EUA. Nada se faz sem o...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Curso de direito internacional público 2015
- Nota explicativa
- Introdução. Noções gerais
- Direito interno e direito internacional. Teorias
- Sujeitos internacionais
- Tratados
- O tratado no Brasil
- Estados
- Estado (território)
- Espaços internacionais
- Estado: órgãos de relação externa
- O estado e a soberania
- As organizações internacionais
- As organizações não governamentais - ONGS
- Direito da integração
- A União Europeia. Aspectos gerais
- A América Latina. Mercosul
- A organização internacional do trabalho
- Litígios internacionais. Soluções diplomáticas, jurídicas e coercitivas. Guerra
- Tribunal penal internacional e cortes similares
- Segurança, terrorismo e novos paradigmas internacionais
- Da intervenção humanitária
- O homem. Aspectos internacionais
- Direito internacional e meio ambiente
- Relações econômicas internacionais. Noções
- Bibliografia
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