Verdade real e verdade formal
Autor | Manoel Antonio Teixeira Filho |
Páginas | 12-15 |
Page 12
A busca da verdade constitui, em todos os tempos, grande preocupação da maioria dos filósofos; alguns deles, diante da dificuldade em apreendê-la, chegaram até mesmo a descrer da sua existência. Agostinho, o Mestre do Ocidente, por exemplo, quando envolvido pelos erros do maniqueísmo, na informação de Johannes Hirschberger (História da Filosofia da Idade Média. São Paulo: Herder, 1966. p. 33), pôs-se, inclusive, a duvidar da verdade. Já outros, como o notável Sócrates (Platão, in "Fédon"), foram condenados à morte por amá-la e defendê-la. Segundo Bertold Brecht ("Galileu Galilei"), ela é filha do tempo, não da autoridade.
Não apenas à religião, à filosofia e à arte, contudo, interessa a verdade, mas também à ciência em geral, e em particular à jurídica, dentre cujos ramos sobressai o processual.
Daí por que o conceito de verdade varia, necessariamente, segundo a óptica sob a qual se procura defini-la: filosófica, religiosa, jurídica, científica etc.
O interesse do Direito pela verdade reside, entre outros motivos, em que, uma vez demonstrada nos autos, ela tem eficácia para constranger o julgador a decidir em consonância com o que espelha ou parece espelhar (CPC, art. 371); isto significa, portanto, que a verdade, consubstanciada na prova dos autos, vincula a formação do convencimento do juiz, no tocante aos fatos da causa.
No próprio âmbito da ciência processual, entretanto, o conceito de verdade não é unitário; fraciona-se, para tornar-se, no mínimo, dicotômico, porquanto aqui se proclama a existência de uma verdade real (ou substancial) e de outra, formal (ou processual).
Real é a que se pode denominar de verdade em si, vale dizer, aquilo que efe-tivamente aconteceu no mundo sensível; formal é a que se estabelece nos autos, como resultado da atividade probatória desenvolvida pelas partes. Nem sempre, todavia, a verdade formal corresponde à real, o que é sobremaneira lamentável e atentatório à respeitabilidade do processo como instituição jurídica e como instrumento estatal de composição dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses.
Observa Lopes da Costa (apud Antônio Lamarca, Ação na Justiça do Trabalho. Rio: Trabalhistas, 1968. p. 115), com percuciência, que a investigação da verdade não se reduz a um problema de lógica, pois também o é político; e
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conclui: "a verdade, que no processo se apura, pode coincidir com a verdade real, mas também pode desta afastar-se, sem embargo de ser como verdade proclamada".
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