Da discussão da causa debendi
Autor | Robson Zanetti |
Cargo | Mestre e doutorando em Direito Comercial pela Universitè de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Especialista em Direito Comercial pela Università degli Studi di Milano. E-mail: robsonzanetti@hotmail.com |
A discussão da causa debendi de um título de crédito, como o cheque, parece ser objeto de confusão por algumas pessoas e a indagação que aqui colocamos é a de sabermos quando se discute a causa da dívida expressa em um título de crédito?
Para respondermos a esta pergunta precisamos fazer uma distinção entre a fase contratual (1) e a fase cambiária (2) do título de crédito.
A fase contratual é a operação originária, a qual cria uma relação entre duas partes, ou seja, entre o vendedor e o comprador ou entre o prestador de serviços e receptor destes serviços. Esta primeira fase é regida pelo direito comum dos contratos quanto a sua fase de formação e de execução. Esta é a relação de base, a relação fundamental ou originária.
Desta forma, por exemplo, se uma pessoa compra um objeto de ouro e dá um cheque para seu pagamento ao vendedor vindo posteriormente verificar que não se trata de ouro, ela não precisa realizar o pagamento ou poderá pedir a restituição do que houver pago porque aqui existiu um erro quanto a substância do objeto conforme dispõe a legislação civil em matéria de obrigações.
Esta fase compreende as operações posteriores que recaem unicamente sobre o título de crédito criado representando o preço de venda do bem ou da prestação de serviços. Ela coloca na relação jurídica pessoas que são estranhas ao contrato de compra e venda originário ou de base. Aqui aparece a figura do endossatário ou beneficiário. Nesta segunda fase, o título tem sua vida própria com suas leis particulares de criação, circulação...
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