Governança dos oceanos: reconhecendo as instituições nomeadas em Direito internacional ambiental
| Autor | Pierre Mazzega, Claire Lajaunie, Elisa Piccinini, Camille Rohrbacher, Pierre Müller e Nathalie Aussenac |
| Ocupação do Autor | CNRS, LISST Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités Sociétés Territoires, UMR 5193, Université Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France/INSERM, LPED Laboratoire Population Environnement Développement, Marseille, France/Department of Language Sciences, University of Toulouse II, France/Institut de recherche en informatique, Université de Toulouse II, ... |
| Páginas | 75-105 |
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GOVERNANÇA DOS OCEANOS:
RECONHECENDO AS INSTITUIÇÕES NOMEADAS EM
DIREITO INTERNACIONAL AMBIENTAL
OCEAN GOVERNANCE:
ON THE RECOGNITION OF INSTITUTIONS NAMED IN
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Pierre Mazzega*
Claire Laja unie**
Elisa Piccinini***
Camille Rohrbacher***
Philippe Müller****
Nathalie Aussenac*****
Abstract: This exploratory study serves two purposes: a) identify the
institutions (organizations, programs, regulations, data infrastructures,
etc.) named in some major International Environmental Law conventions
and in the decisions or resolutions of the associated Conferences of the
Parties (prior to 2015) and b) evaluate the potential contribution of Natural
Language Processing - here SPACY and CoreNLP - in their Named Entity
Recognition (NER) function, to this identification in an extensive body of
legal texts. After describing the main steps of computer-based NER and
the performance criteria of the algorithms (recall and precision), we present
the results of the analysis of about a thousand legal texts constituting our
corpus. We combine the use of NER tools and the manual screening of raw
results, a list of more than 800 institutions involved in environmental
governance is established, 110 of them being more specifically involved in
the governance of oceans and marine resources. The retrieval and
classification of declarative information extracted from the corresponding
websites then makes it possible to provide a picture of the governance of
the oceans seen through these conventions, but also to specify the
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contributions and limits of the computer-based NER. The application of
this method necessitates an interdisciplinary collaboration.
Keywords: Ocean governance, environmental law, natural language
processing, text mining, named entities, governance modelling,
institutions.
Introduction
Presently the mapping of the actors, programs, initiatives, public
policies, regulations, data infrastructures and other entities - that we group
here under the term "institutions" - involved in the governance of the
environment is not available. Whether it is on the environment and health
issues, biodiversity conservation, oceans and marine resources
management, production and dissemination of socio-environmental data,
climate change mitigation measures, or on many other topics, the
governance system, specific to each of these areas of activity is often
mentioned but little known. If some entities are well identified - major
international organizations, UN initiatives, international conventions, etc.
- most of them are postulated but relegated to a ter ra incognita.
Researchers, organizations, companies, decision makers, we all navigate
by sight in the systems of environmental governance, without a map of any
kind. This fact has undesirable and, with a little hindsight, visible
consequences. Thus, academic knowledge and discourse remain on an
abstract level that while articulates important concepts, pays too little
attention to the concrete facts shaping the complex and changing contexts
of collective action. The potential for technological, institutional,
managerial, training or collaboration innovation of the actors is hampered
by the ignorance of the opportunities offered by the diversity of
competences and the means existing to take in hand pressing problems.
Large-scale architecture articulating decision-making mechanisms,
distribution between actors of responsibilities, duties and obligations
regarding environmental issues and sustainable development, is not drawn.
In addition, many actions having impacts on the environment, natural
resources, the living conditions of human or animal societies, biological,
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