Constituição
Autor | Silvane Maria Marchesini |
Ocupação do Autor | Jurista. Psicóloga. Psicanalista. Pós-Graduada, Mestra em Psicologia Clínica |
Páginas | 188-189 |
Page 188
A noção de constituição refere-se ao conjunto de caracteres e tendências, tanto somáticos quanto psíquicos, que o indivíduo traz consigo ao nascer. Ela diz respeito ao que é inato, herdado, ou seja, ao que é geneticamente determinado. Opõe-se classicamente a tudo o que é adquirido no curso da vida, ao acidental.
No campo da psicopatologia, certas tendências doutrinais apoiaram-se na noção de cons-tituição para deinir tipos de personalidades com predisposição para determinadas afecções psiquiátricas, em especial psicóticas.
A noção de constituição está presente na obra de Freud e podemos distinguir dois tempos em sua elaboração teórica. Antes de 1905, ela confunde-se com a de disposição hereditária. Trata-se para Freud de uma condição geral e universal no determinismo patogênico de todas as afecções e particularmente nas afecções neuróticas. Na etiologia destas últimas, a disposição hereditária está necessariamente associada a causas especí-icas, de natureza sexual, segundo as regras de uma série complementar. Assim "as mesmas causas especíicas agindo sobre um indivíduo saudável não produziriam nenhum efeito patológico manifesto, enquanto numa pessoa predisposta a sua ação faria eclodir a neurose, cujo desenvolvimento em intensi-dade e extensão estará em conformidade com o grau dessa condição hereditária" ("A hereditariedade e a etiologia das neuroses", 1896a).
Depois de 1905, a concepção freudiana da noção de constituição torna-se indissociável da doutrina sexual decorrente das investigações psicanalíticas e cujo resultado mais tangível é a ênfase de uma sexualidade infantil em todo ser humano. Com efeito, em seus "Três ensaios sobre a teoria da sexualidade" (1905d), Freud coloca pulsões parciais na origem da sexualidade infantil, perversas em sua natureza, dado que procuram satisfazer-se independentemente umas das outras e deinem assim, para cada indi-víduo, uma "predisposição perversa...
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