Informação incorreta, desinformação e má informação: Esclarecendo definições e exemplos em tempos de desinfodemia
| Autor | Karen Santos-d'Amorim, Májory Fernandes de Oliveira Miranda |
| Páginas | 1-23 |
Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, Florianópolis, v. 26, p. 01-23, 2021.
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. ISSN 1518-2924. DOI: https: //doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2021.e76900
Ensaio
MISINFORMATION, DISINFORMATION, AND
MALINFORMATION: CLARIFYING THE DEFINITIONS
AND EXAMPLES IN DISINFODEMIC TIMES
Informação incorreta, desinformação e má informação: Esclarecendo definições e exemplos em
tempos de desinfodemia
Karen SANTOS-D’AMORIM
Mestre e doutoranda em Ciência da Informação
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Recife, Brasil
karen.isantos@ufpe.br
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2043-3853
Májory K. Fernandes de Oliveira MIRANDA
Doutora em Informação e Comunicação em Plataformas Digitais – Universidade do Porto
Professora adjunta na Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Recife, Brasil
majory@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-7756
A lista completa com informações dos autores está no final do artigo
ABSTRACT
Objective: It describes and analyzes the theoretical-practical incidences of misinformation, disinformation, and
malinformation, including but not limited to the Information Science framework. Besides, it aims to outline an understanding
of these three concepts based on 16 arrangements interconnected according to their intentionality.
Methods: To build discourses and descriptions of the phenomenon of misinformation and its derivations, we applied the
hermeneutical, rhetorical, and phenomenological principles of intentionality as our work methods.
Results: As a re sult, we present s ome theoretical incidences to clarify these three concepts, in addition to outlining and
characterizing, according to the intentionality, 16 mis-, dis-, mal- information arrangements associated with these three
concepts: bias, propaganda, retracted papers, conspiracy theories, misleading representation in maps, charts and
graphics, fake news, clickbait, hoax, satire or parody, imposter website, fake revie ws, phishing, filter bubbles, and echo
chambers.
Conclusions: We highlight that the complexity that permeates the various fields in the present situation is due to the
difficulty of reaching a consensus on the semantic definition of the concepts of information, misinformation, and i ts
disambiguations since these concepts have various properties.
KEYWORDS: Misinformation. Disinformation. Malinformation. Disinfodemic. Infodemic. Intentionality.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Descreve e analisa as incidências teórico-práticas da informação incorreta (misinformation), desinformação
(disinformation) e má informação (malinformation), incluindo, mas não se limitando ao arcabouço da Ciência da
Informação. Além disso, objetiva delinear uma compreensão desses três conceitos a partir de 16 arranjos interligados de
acordo com sua intencionalidade.
Método: Para construir discursos e descrição do fenômeno da desinformação e suas derivações, aplicamos a
hermenêutica, a retórica e os princípios fenomenológicos da intencionalidade como métodos de trabalho.
Resultados: Como resultados, apresentamos 14 incidências teóricas com o objetivo de esclarecer esses três conceitos,
além de delinear e caracterizar, de acordo com a intencionalidade, 16 arranjos de desinformação associados a esses três
conceitos, sendo eles: viés de confirmação, propaganda, artigos retratados, teorias da conspiração, representação
enganosa em mapas, quadros e gráficos, notícias falsas, caça-cliques, trote, sátira ou paródia, website impostor, revisões
falsas, phishing, filtros-bolha e câmaras de eco.
Conclusões Destaca-se a complexidade que permeia os vários campos da conjuntura atual relacionada à dificuldade de
um consenso sobre a definição se mântica dos conceitos de informação, desinformação e suas desambiguações , uma
vez que estes conceitos também possuem inúmeras propriedades.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Informação incorreta. Desinformação. Má Informação. Desinfodemia. Infodemia. Intencionalidade.
Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, Florianópolis, v. 26, p. 01-2 3, 2021.
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. ISSN 1518-2924. DOI: https: //doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2021.e76900
2
1 INTRODUCTION
The history of humanity has been marked and divided by wars. The information
society had its boom in the development of telecommunications, information technologies,
and informatics based on information and knowledge, but now it is witnessing the opposite
— the era of information wars (MCLUHAN, 1970; STENGEL, 2019). In this circumstance,
the significance evolution of misinformation meaning, associated with his delivery forms and
intentionalities, has given rise to two disambiguation, which are associated with the
information phenomenon itself — disinformation and malinformation.
Conspiracy theories, fake news, clickbait, rumors, and hoaxes are just a few
examples of information disorders (WARDLE; DERAKHSHAN, 2018). In the current
pandemic scenario of COVID-19, for instance, the mass mis-, dis- information practices,
have made reappearance or given rise to new words, such as “infodemic” and “disinfodemic”
(POSETTI; BONTCHEVA, 2020; ZAROCOSTAS, 2020). In this context, still in February
2020, when the peak of deaths and false news has not yet reached the current proportions
1
,
Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, World Health Organization Director-General, at the
Munich Security Conference, had already realized the impact of false and inaccurate
information by saying that “we’re not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an infodemic”.
2
(MUNICH…, 2020, p. 6).
According to Posetti and Bontcheva (2020, p. 2), the term disinfodemic refers to “the
falsehoods fuelling the pandemic and its impacts” because “of the huge ‘viral load’ of
potentially deadly disinformation that is described by the UN Secretary General as a poison,
and humanity’s other ‘enemy’ in this crisis”. In this new scenario, Baines and Elliott (2020,
p. 16) highlight that the first lessons learned of the COVID-19 infodemic are that: “(i) the
infodemic is unprecedented in its size and velocity; (ii) unexpected forms of false information
are emerging daily; and (iii) no global consensus exists on how best to classify the types of
false messages being encountered”. In addition to other examples, one can assume that
the world is facing a revolution in the post-custodial paradigm, which this essay will refer to
as the (mis)informational explosion.
1
As of February 2021, 2,533,323 deaths have been confirmed worldwide (According the COVID-19
Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University –
available at https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6).
2
According to Oxford Languages, infodemic is “a surfeit of information about a problem that is viewed
as being a detriment to its solution”. To see more, visit: https://public.oed.com/updates/new-words-list-april-
2020/
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