O Juízo
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 79-85 |
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O problema do direito, todavia, não se esgota com a formação dos mandatos e, em particular, das leis.
Com efeito, um mandato pode não ser obedecido. Não é possível afirmar, por exemplo, que, quando a guerra passou a ser um delito, chegou a ser eliminada da sociedade. A experiência mais elementar desmente esse otimismo: há séculos e séculos, a lei proíbe o homicídio, mas, mesmo num país civilizado como o nosso, quantos homicídios ainda são cometidos? É claro, pois, que à formação das leis deve seguir alguma outra coisa. Por isso, dissemos, na lição introdutória, que as leis são um produto jurídico semielaborado.
Essa outra coisa não pode ser mais do que a executada pelas sanções: se alguém mata ou rouba, deve ser encarcerado em pri-
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são; se não restitui a coisa alheia, deve quitá-la; se não paga sua dívida, é preciso cobrar-lhe o que serve para satisfazer o credor. Em suma, trata-se de fazer que se executem as leis, depois de terem sido formadas.
O conceito de execução sugere a imagem do carcereiro, como também a do carrasco ou do oficial de justiça, que desaloja de uma casa a pessoa que, sem ter direito, a ocupa; ou detém e vende os bens do devedor inadimplente. Porém, um pouco de reflexão adverte que a coisa não é tão simples e que a execução não exige só a obra daqueles três tipos de sujeitos. Quando se acusa alguém de ter matado um homem, é verdade? O dono de uma coisa argumenta que outro a ocupa sem título, mas o segundo, na maioria das vezes, alega que o tem. O credor afirma que não recebeu o valor, mas e se estiver mentindo? Conforme se pode ver, antes do carcereiro ou do oficial judiciário, entra em jogo outra figura: o juiz, que é verdadeiramente uma figura de primeiro plano. Assim, ao lado da lei, coloca-se o juízo como um dos institutos fundamentais do direito. Em vez de juízo, a ciência moder-
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na prefere falar de processo. Sem me deter na comparação entre essas duas palavras e em seus respectivos conceitos, para a exposição elementar que estou fazendo é razoável atribuir a uma e outra o mesmo significado.
O processo, pois, divide-se em duas fases, que se chamam de cognição e de execução. Ademais, segundo a distinção entre direito penal e civil, também o processo se bifurca em processo penal e processo civil. A seguir, tratarei sobre a diferença entre essas categorias.
O processo penal, como todos sabem, serve para comprovar e castigar o delito, inclusive, levando-se em conta as contravenções, costuma...
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