A quadripolar epistemic proposition of entrepreneurship construct/Uma proposicao epistemica quadripolar do constructo empreendedorismo/Una propuesta epistemica cuadripolar del constructo empreendedorismo.
| Autor | Moraes, Joysi |
| Cargo | ARTIGO--OUTRAS |
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INTRODUCTION
The growing interest for subjects related to entrepreneurship, in its most diverse perspectives, began to take form in the scope of the Administration studies at the end of the 90's, more specifically in 1999, with the publication of two articles: "Tendencias do comportamento gerencial da mulher empreendedora" (The Tendencies of the Behavioral Management of the Entrepreneurial Woman), which was the outcome of a Ph.D thesis from a Production Engineering's student and "Validando um instrumento de medidas de comprometimento: uma proposta empreendedora voltada para as dimensoes academica e empresarial" (Validating an Instrument of Commitment Measures: An Enterprising Proposal Focused on the Academic and Business Dimensions). This last one, in reality, as designated by the authors themselves, is about "presenting a global evaluation questionnaire on the practices of human resources of companies and the level of the organizational commitment of its members, with the intention of contributing to the development of research on these subjects. " (Bandeira; Marques; Veiga, 1999: p. 12). Only the articles available in the National Association of the Graduate Programs and Research Administration ("ANPAD --from the Portuguese") from 1997 were considered.
Since then, a debate has been observed about the viability of the topics allegedly related to entrepreneurship, theoretical-methodological as well as epistemological and morphological in the field of Administration. An ill-advised raid in the first part of the debate of the Administration studies in Brazil, the annals of the Meeting of the National Association of the Graduate Programs and Research Administration (EnANPADS), can cause certain anxiety to the researcher, because a Chimera is presented. A figure of the Greek mythology with three heads (a goat, a lion, and a dragon) with a body of a lion and a serpent's tail. This is in the most visually artistic version (FRANCHINI; SEGANFREDO, 2003). At least today, the image illustrates the entrepreneurship's construct and its perspectives.
In this sense, the objective of the research exposed in this article is to present how entrepreneurship has been constructed in the studies of Administration. This is presented based on the Bruyne, et al. (1977) proposition, about the "four poles of the methodological practice, " i.e. the epistemic quadripolar proposition. In particular, how this construct has been forming in an epistemological, morphological, theoretical, and technical manner.
For that intent, a priori, a bibliometric analysis was carried out from a survey of articles published in events tied to the National Association of Graduate Programs and Research in Administration. This method involves a set of procedures, laws, and principles that, applied to mathematical and statistical procedures, allow the researcher to map out the given scientific production using documents with similar properties (ARAUJO, 2006; MACIAS-CHAPULA, 1998), which in this case are defined by the entrepreneurial theme. Following, the content analysis of the material collected was conducted. According to Bardin (2006:38), the content analysis consists of "a set of techniques of communications' analysis that uses systematic and objective procedures of the description of the messages ' content. Its main purpose is to improve the readings of selected texts. The articles can be handled to search for answers to the research questions, making it possible to identify what certain researchers affirm and discuss about the theme under study (VERGARA, 2005). Finally, the content analysis allows identifying how the subject at hand has been configured considering each pole: epistemological, morphological, theoretical, and technical.
The research presentation in this article is as follows: initially, it describes the perspectives on entrepreneurship, mainly, the state of the art of entrepreneurship. Following that, the poles of the methodological practice which compose the Bruyne Epistemic Quadripolar Proposal (BRUYNE et al. 1977) are presented, namely: the epistemological, the theoretical, the morphological, and the technical poles. In sequence, the methodology used to carry out the survey and the analysis of the articles catalogued, the results obtained with their respective analysis are presented and, finally, some final considerations are drawn out, indicating the references used throughout the text.
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Brockhaus (1994:25) says that entrepreneurship research was originally developed by economists who presented the role of the entrepreneur in economic growth and innovation (SCHUMPETER, 1934; BAUMOL, 1968). Early research was primarily prescriptive as writers offered their evaluation of and practical suggestions for the entrepreneurial processes based upon their observation of small business owners (HORNADAY, 1982).
According to Morris, Lewis & Sexton (1994:22), "early definitions, which were formulated principally by economists, tended to emphasize assumption of risk, supply of financial capital, arbitrage, and coordination of the factors of production. The entrepreneur was clearly involved in the initiation of a business". But, Hisrich and Peters (1992) claim that the prevalent tendency has been to associate entrepreneurship with small business start-up and management. As such, the entrepreneur is viewed as someone who assumes the social, psychological, and financial risks necessary to start and run a small business.
Entrepreneurship is a process that can be conceptualized as involving inputs and outputs. It is defined by activities such as starting new ventures, innovating, pursuing opportunities, taking risks and managing and creating value. Using the input-output perspective, entrepreneurship uses opportunity, proactive individuals, an organization, risks, resources and innovation as inputs toward the outputs of a new enterprise, value, products, profits and growth. Entrepreneurship also involves the attitudinal factor of willingness and the behavioral factor of process activities (MORRIS, LEWIS & SEXTON, 1994:21).
Accordingly, Stevenson, Roberts & Grousbeck (1985) defined entrepreneurship as "the process of creating value by bringing together unique combinations of resources to exploit an opportunity". As perceived by North Americans, according to Kent, Sexton & Vesper (1982) and Sexton and Smilor (1986), that scholars are attracted to entrepreneurship research in order to understand: 1. Macrostructural factors shaping the new economy; 2. The nature of firms in the new economy; 3. Innovation and technology transfer; 4. The process of venturing; and 5. The growth strategies of the entrepreneurs who are the driving force of the new economy.
And the entrepreneurial sector is understood "as a relatively small subset of the small business sector. It is estimated that as few as 10 per cent of the firms in the USA generate over 90 per cent of the new jobs, as well as a disproportionate amount of the net increases in income, wealth, and tax revenue created in a given year" (MORRIS; PITT & BERTHON, 2012:61).
However, the current theme among entrepreneurship scholars is about the legitimacy of entrepreneurship as a field of study. Mainly, because, in recent years, we have seen an extraordinary proliferation of entrepreneurship and small business courses and programs in colleges and universities worldwide (SOLOMON, 2006).
From its origins until today, entrepreneurship research and teaching has met many important milestones. Some of them include: the first course offering in entrepreneurship at Harvard Business School by Myles Mace in 1947, the first conference on small businesses at St Gallen University in Switzerland in 1948, the first academic conference on entrepreneurship research at Purdue in 1970, the formation of the Entrepreneurship Interest Group at the Academy of Management in 1974, and finally achieved full status as the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management in 1987 (Sanchez, 2011). Today, there are multiple journals dedicated to entrepreneurship (i.e. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Journal of Small Business Management, International Small Business Journal, Small Business Economics, and The Journal of Business Venturing) (HERIOT et al., 2014:5).
More recently, Lumpkin (2011) encourages us to "move on and declare victory" in the battle to establish entrepreneurship as a legitimate field of study. He suggests that we focus our attention to the impact of entrepreneurship research. This includes applying the unique knowledge gained from entrepreneurship research to help us better understand phenomenon outside this domain. It is also important to use the context of entrepreneurship to better understand individual and organizational decisions and strategic actions.
According to Heriot et al. (2014:8), Lumpkin (2011) implores us as researchers to think of ourselves as leaders rather than followers who are simply trying to test current management theories. They claim that entrepreneurship may not be considered legitimate due to the limited academic credentials of the instructors assigned to teach in some courses. In addition, the authors state that there is a clear implication from these results that entrepreneurship as an academic field of study contrasts greatly from other disciplines and emphasize that researchers demonstrate a focus on the practical activities rather than scholarly activities among the participants as measured by research productivity.
As we can realize, there is already a discussion on the state of the art of entrepreneurship in the world. In this sense, our proposal is to check the state of the art of entrepreneurship in Brazil, from a bibliometric analysis in the published articles on the events linked to the National Association of Graduate and Research Programs in Administration (ANPAD).
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THE POLES OF THE METHODOLOGICAL PRACTICE: AN EPISTEMIC QUADRIPOLAR PROPOSITION
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