A ação
Autor | Paulo Bandeira |
Páginas | 24-25 |
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Toda vez que o cidadão se vê prejudicado, lhe é assegurado o direito de peticionar, ou seja, o direito de pedir ao Judiciário que resolva, à luz da lei, seu problema. Mas não basta, simplesmente, falar sobre isso com alguém. Há uma série de protocolos - escritos, na maioria dos casos - a serem seguidos e são normatizados em lei. É necessário formar um processo, que tem início com uma Petição Inicial (um texto inicial, escrito dentro de certas regras - art. 282 do Código de Processo Civil), com a exposição dos fatos e o suporte legal para que se pretenda o reconhecimento desse direito. O processo, portanto, tem por objetivo trazer uma solução à lide. O ato de pedir a tutela do Estado, por parte do cidadão, é chamado de ação. O Estado presta a tutela por meio de um processo, conduzido por um Juiz.
Enrico Tullio Liebman assim se posicionou sobre o tema:
A iniciativa do processo: um ônus e um direito. A iniciativa do processo cabe à parte interessada (ou, em via excepcional, ao Ministério Público), porque o Juiz não procede de ofício, e não decide uma controvérsia, senão a pedido do interessado.9Há, basicamente, dois tipos de processo: Processo Penal e Processo Civil.
Diz-se basicamente porque o Processo Trabalhista, de certa forma, se utiliza subsidiariamente do Código de Processo Civil, na forma do art. 769 da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT).10
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O primeiro dispõe de mecanismos para coibir e punir a prática de crimes, bem como meios de proteção à pessoa injustamente acusada. O autor da ação, em regra, é o Estado (nesse caso, temos a ação penal pública), embora, em alguns casos, o indivíduo possa figurar no pólo ativo, ou seja, ingressar com uma ação penal privada11(como nos casos de calúnia e difamação). O processo penal, portanto, exige, para "ganhar vida", a prática de um delito.
O segundo, objeto deste livro, é o Processo Civil. Este busca trazer a solução para um litígio na esfera cível, tenha ele ocorrido ou, simplesmente, apresente a possibilidade de ocorrer.
[9] LIEBMAN, Enrico Tullio. Manual de Direito Processual Civil, v. 1, Ed. Intelectus, 2003, p. 135.
[10] Art. 769 da CLT: "Nos casos omissos, o Direito Processual comum será fonte subsidiária do Direito Processual do Trabalho, exceto naquilo em...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Manual Básico de Processo Civil
- -
- Agradecimentos
- Dedicatória
- Prefácio
- Introdução
- Breve histórico do Código de Processo Civil
- Jurisdição
- A ação
- O nascimento da ação
- Condições da ação
- Da distribuição
- Do trâmite processual
- Da competência
- O juiz
- Da resposta do réu
- Dos atos do juiz: despachos, decisões, sentenças e acórdãos
- Da audiência
- Outras partes no processo além de autor e réu
- As provas
- A sentença
- O cumprimento da sentença
- Recursos
- Do processo cautelar
- Procedimentos especiais
- Os juizados especiais
- Conclusão: a justiça que desejamos: a justiça nossa de cada dia
- Referências bibliográficas
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