Divisão das leis
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 97-98 |
Page 97
Para ordenar o todo, ou dar a melhor forma à coisa pública, há que considerar diversas relações. Em primeiro lugar, a ação do corpo inteiro atuando sobre si mesmo, vale dizer a relação do todo com o todo, ou do soberano com o Estado, e esta relação compõe-se dos termos intermediários, como veremos mais adiante.
As leis que regem esta relação têm o nome de leis políticas, e também se denominam leis fundamentais, não sem alguma razão se essas forem sábias. Porque se não houver em cada Estado senão uma boa maneira de o dirigir, o povo que a encontrou deve se ater a ela: mas se a ordem estabelecida é má, por que tomarem-se por fundamentais leis que o impedem de ser bom? De outro modo, em todo estado de causa, um povo é sempre senhor de mudar suas leis, mesmo que sejam as melhores; porque se lhe apraz prejudicar-se, quem terá o direito de lho impedir?
A segunda relação é a dos membros entre si ou com todo o corpo, e esta relação deve ser, no primeiro aspecto, tão pequena e, no segundo, tão grande quanto possível; de sorte que cada cidadão esteja numa perfeita independência
Page 98
com todas as outras, e numa excessiva dependência com a Cidade; o que se consegue sempre pelos mesmos meios, porque só existe a força do Estado que promove a liberdade de seus membros. É desta segunda relação que nascem as leis civis.
Pode-se considerar uma terceira espécie de relação entre o homem e a lei, a saber, a da desobediência à pena, e esta dá lugar ao estabelecimento de leis criminais, que são, no fundo, menos uma espécie particular de...
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