Se a vontade geral pode errar
Autor | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
Páginas | 59-60 |
Page 59
Resulta do que precede que a vontade geral é sempre reta e sempre tende para a utilidade pública; porém, não se segue que as deliberações do povo tenham sempre a mesma retidão. Sempre se deseja o próprio bem, mas nem sempre ele é visto. Nunca se corrompe o povo frequentemente; porém, se o engana, é somente então que ele parece querer o que é mal.
Há muitas vezes grande diferença entre a vontade de todos e a vontade geral; esta só considera o interesse comum, a outra olha o interesse privado, e é apenas a soma das vontades particulares: mas retirai dessas mesmas vontades as que se destroem reciprocamente2no máximo e no mínimo, e resta como soma das diferenças a vontade geral.
Page 60
Se, quando suficientemente informado, o povo delibere, não tivessem os cidadãos nenhuma comunicação entre si, resultaria no grande número de pequenas diferenças à vontade geral, e a deliberação seria sempre boa. Mas quando há brigas, associações parciais às expensas da grande, a vontade de cada uma dessas associações torna-se geral em relação aos seus membros, e particular em relação ao Estado; pode-se dizer, então, que não há tantos votantes quantos são os homens, mas somente quantas são as associações. As diferenças se fazem menos numerosas e têm um resultado menos geral. Enfim, quando uma dessas associações for tão grande que sobrepuje todas as outras, não mais tereis como resultado uma soma de pequenas diferenças, mas uma só diferença; então, não há mais vontade geral, e a opinião que vence é somente particular.
Para se ter bem enunciada a vontade geral, importa, assim, que não haja sociedade parcial no Estado e que cada cidadão só emita sua própria opinião3. Foi essa a única e sublime instituição do grande Licurgo. Pois, se houver sociedades parciais, é preciso multiplicar-lhes o número e prevenir a desigualdade entre elas, como o fizeram Sólon, Numa e Servius. Essas precauções são as únicas adequadas para que a vontade geral seja sempre esclarecida, e para que o...
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