História do Direito Internacional Privado
Autor | Tatiana Waisberg |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogada e Professora da Faculdade de Direito da FP. Mestre em Direito Internacional - PUC-MG e Universidade de Tel Aviv, Israel |
Páginas | 48-52 |
Page 48
No mundo antigo, são escassos os exemplos de normas jurídicas que regulamentam relações jurídicas com elementos de conexão internacional, ou mesmo leis destinadas a conferir direitos a estrangeiros. Sempre que se negava quaisquer direitos aos estrangeiros, não havia a hipótese de conflitos de leis, pois não havia a possibilidade de aplicação do direito estrangeiro por juízes locais.
· Índia: segundo as Leis de Manu, o estrangeiro era considerado um animal, pária ou sudra. Sempre associado à ideia de inimigo.
· Egito: apenas as populações ribeirinhas do Nilo eram consideradas puras.
· Pérsia, Hebreus: havia concessões de direitos a estrangeiros, em decorrência de interesses comerciais.
Na Grécia e Roma antigas é possível encontrar exemplos de leis que conferiam direitos e até mesmo instituía jurisdição especializada para julgar os estrangeiros.
· Atenas: era vedado aos estrangeiros exercer direitos fundamentais, tais como direitos de família, propriedade e comércio. Os estrangeiros domiciliados eram classificados como metecos e isóteles, e possuíam certos direitos civis e políticos, sob autorização da Assembleia popular. Havia também a figura do Próxeno, espécie de cônsul, responsável pelos estrangeiros, e a Polemarca , juízes especializados para guerra e relações com inimigo. Além disso, eram celebrados tratados entre cidades-Estados versando aplicação de lei uniforme e de lei estrangeira.
Page 49
· Roma: a figura do pretor peregrinus, e o jus peregrinum disciplinavam a aplicação dos direitos dos estrangeiros. O jus gentium disciplinava a relação jurídica entre romanos e peregrinos, espécie de sistema uniforme de normas diretas.
Durante a Idade Média, desenvolveram-se dois sistemas relativos ao DIPr, inicialmente o da personalidade e posteriormente o da territorialidade. Esses dois sistemas lançam os fundamentos informais dos dois principais elementos de conexão utilizados hodiernamente pelos ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais. O sistema da personalidade, por estar associado à ideia de que o estrangeiro leva a sua lei de origem consigo é a base para a lex patrie, ou a lei da nacionalidade, em voga no século XIX. O sistema da territorialidade, por sua vez, serve de base tanto para o afastamento da aplicação da lei estrangeira, no caso de ramos do direito público, a exemplo do direito penal, tributário e a lex rei sitae, que se aplica aos imóveis situados no território nacional.
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Manual de Direito Internacional Privado
- Apresentação
- Noções introdutórias
- Direito Uniforme e Direito Internacional Privado
- Fontes
- História do Direito Internacional Privado
- Nacionalidade
- Condição Jurídica do Estrangeiro
- Aplicação, prova e interpretação da Lei Estrangeira
- Regras de conexão
- Limites à aplicação do Direito Estrangeiro
- Cooperação Jurídica Internacional
- Reenvio e questões prévias
- Imunidades Diplomáticas e Consulares
- Arbitragem
- Bibliografia
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