Segurados Facultativos
Autor | Wladimir Novaes Martinez |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado especialista em Direito Previdenciário |
Páginas | 341-344 |
Page 341
Segurado facultativo é pessoa autorizada, em determinadas circunstâncias, a ingressar e situar-se no regime previdenciário por vontade própria. A referida facultatividade é de admissão e de permanência.
Dizia o art. 201, § 1º, da CF/1988: "Qualquer pessoa poderá participar dos benefícios da previdência social, mediante contribuição na forma dos planos previdenciários." A partir da EC n. 20/1998, reza o § 5º do mesmo art. 201: "É vedada a filiação a regime geral da previdência social, na qualidade de segurado facultativo, de pessoa participante de regime próprio de previdência".
O dispositivo visualiza a clientela protegida e estende-se à previdência complementar (na qual a faculdade é ínsita ao sistema). A norma reproduzida dá cumprimento ao princípio da universalidade de cobertura (horizontal), previsto no art. 194, I, característica da seguridade social. Todos podem participar: alguns forçados (art. 195, II); outros, não.
Legalmente, o "qualquer pessoa" refere-se aos não obrigatoriamente segurados. Salvo para o segurado especial, excrescência do art. 12, VII, da Lei n. 8.212/ 1991, as duas situações se excluem.
A base material dessa filiação é a volição de entronizar-se na previdência social. Seu início dá-se com a exteriorização do desejo de se filiar e, consequentemente, de contribuir, valendo como demonstração da intenção o pagamento. Este último tem como pressuposto a inscrição promovida junto ao órgão gestor. Pode acontecer no dia seguinte ao fim do contrato de emprego ou do exercício de ativi-dade (ou, após, a qualquer tempo).
O atual segurado facultativo substituiu o antigo contribuinte em dobro, surgido em 1940, no ex-IAPC, com antecedentes mutualistas desde 10.1.1835 (Mongeral).
Trata-se de contribuinte atípico, mas com qualidade (como qualquer outro), mantida por seis meses após a cessação das contribuições, com todos os direitos ínsitos ao não exercente de atividade, computando tempo de filiação/contribuição. O legislador o tem como exceção, pensando ser provisória a situação, mas resta ób-
Page 342
via a impropriedade atuarial: contribuindo dos 16 aos 46 anos, e pagando 20% do salário mínimo, a mulher pode aposentar-se por tempo de contribuição e receber, para o resto da vida, o salário mínimo.
Diferentemente do passado, desde 25.7.1991, o facultativo pode deixar de contribuir, afastando-se do RGPS a qualquer momento, e a ele retornar sem a imperiosa necessidade de recolher as contribuições pretéritas. Mas se o...
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