China's artificial islands in the south China sea: geopolitics versus rule of law
| Autor | Swaran Singh, Lilian Yamamoto |
| Cargo | Professor for Diplomacy and Disarmament at Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament (CIPOD), School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi, India). President of Association of Asia Scholars. General Secretary of Indian Association of Asian & Pacific Studies. Guest Professor at Research Institute... |
| Páginas | 4-23 |
Rev. Direito Econ. Socioambiental, Curitiba, v. 8 n. 1, p. 4-23, jan./abr. 2017
ISSN 2179-8214
Licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons
Revista de
Direito Econômico e
Socioambiental
doi: 10.7213/rev.dir.econ.soc.v8i1.7451
China's artificial islands in the south China sea:
geopolitics versus Rule of Law
As ilhas artificiais da China no mar do sul da China: geopolítica
versus Estado de Direito
Swaran Singh
Jawaharlal Nehru University (India)
drswaransingh@gmail.com
Lilian Yamamoto
Kanagawa University (Japan)
lilianmitsuko@yahoo.it
Recebido: 10/03/2017 Aprovado: 30/04/2017
Received: 03/10/2016 Approved: 04/30/2017
Como citar este artigo/How to cite this article: SINGH, Swaran; YAMAMOTO, Lilian.
China's Artificial Islands in th e South China Sea: Geopolitics versus Rule of Law. Revista
de Direito Econmico e Socioambiental, Curitiba, v. 8, n. 1, p. 4-23, jan./abr. 2017. doi:
10.7213/rev.dir.econ.soc.v8i1.7451.
Professor for Diplomacy and Disarmament at Centre for International Politics,
Organization and Disarmament (CIPOD), School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru
University (New Delhi, India). President of Association of Asia Scholars. General Secretary
of Indian Association of Asian & Pacific Studies. Guest Professor at Research Institute of
Indian Ocean Economies, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics (China). Advisory
Board Member of Atlanta-based Communities Without Borders Inc. (United States). PhD
Studies, JNU). E-mail: drswaransingh@gmail.com.
PhD in International law at Kanagawa University (Yokohama, Japan). Lecturer at the
Postgraduate Course on International and Economic Law at State University of Londrina.
Member of RESAMA (South American Network for Environmental Migration) and CEDMAR
(Center of Studies for the Law of the Sea). E-mail: lilianmitsuko@yahoo.it.
China's artificial islands in the south China sea: geopolitics versus Rule of
Law
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Rev. Direito Econ. Socioambiental, Curitiba, v. 8 n. 1, p. 4-23, jan./abr. 2017
Abstract
militarisation of the South China Sea threatening stability and security for littoral countries.
China claims over 80 per cent of the South China Sea and it is building landing and garrison
facilities over geographical features classified as rocks and coral reefs. China's claims are
grounded on their supposed discovery and occupation of these features since antiquity. Other
claimants, like the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Brunei and Indonesia, have their
own historical narratives and cite articles of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS) to justify their sovereignty over part of this disputed maritime region. This
multilateral nature of dispute makes it extremely complicated and China's increasingly
assertive policies have further compounded it. Accordingly, several nations, including United
States, have raised alarm regarding freedom of navigation across the South China Sea. It in
this backdrop of rising tensions that this article examines these multiple narratives and what
UNCLOS and the Permanent Court of Arbitration say in clarifying the legality of maritime rights
to crystal gaze likely future trajectories. However, this study also recognizes that while
UNCLOS remains at the core of maritime dispute settlement, it is the evolving geopolitics of
Asia that will go a long way in guiding both the interpretation of UNCLOS as also state
responses in terms of their proposals for joint development or unilateral strategies.
Keywords: south China sea; artificial islands; United Nations Convention on the Law of the
sea; Rule of Law; Spratly Islands.
Resumo
A construção de ilhas artificiais pela China nos últimos anos causou preocupações com relação
à militarização do Mar do Sul da China ameaçando a estabilidade e segurança dos países
costeiros. A China reivindica mais de 80% do Mar do Sul da China e está construindo estruturas
para aterrissagem e guarnições nas estruturas geográficas classificadas como rochas e recife
de corais. As reivindicações chinesas baseiam-se nas suas supostas descobertas e ocupações
dessas estruturas desde a antiguidade. Outros postulantes, como as Filipinas, Vietnã, Malásia,
Taiwan, Brunei e Indonésia têm suas próprias narrativas históricas e citam artigos da
Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM) para embasar suas soberanias
nas disputas marítimas da região. Essa natureza multilateral da disputa torna-a
extremamente complicada e as políticas reivindicatórias crescentes da China a agravam ainda
mais. Assim, diversas nações, incluindo os Estados Unidos, lançaram um alarme em relação à
liberdade de navegação no Mar do Sul da China. Neste cenário de tensões crescentes, este
artigo examina essas múltiplas narrativas e como a CNUDM e o Tribunal Permanente de
Arbitragem esclarecem a legalidade dos direitos marítimos para lança r um olhar para o
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