A Discussão
Autor | Francesco Carnelutti |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado e jurista italiano |
Páginas | 161-171 |
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A ciência do processo fala pouco sobre a discussão, embora esta seja um dos tópicos mais interessantes.
Começo a explicação fiando-me à palavra “discutir”, do latim discutio, que provém de quaestio, que significa ‘sacudir; sacudir aqui e ali’. O que essa ideia tem a ver com o processo? Peço ao leitor que pense em um ventilador ou apenas em uma peneira. Trata-se de fazer passar as razões boas e reter as más. Se a peneira não for sacudida, a farinha não será refinada.
Após a coleta das provas, considerando que a lei já é conhecida, restaria ao juiz nada mais do que julgar. Isso procede, mas julgar é uma palavra. Acaso o leitor crê que, de re-
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pente, a sentença brotará da mente, assim como Minerva, armada, brotou do cérebro de Júpiter? Ainda que o juiz tivesse de decidir imediatamente e se encontrasse sozinho, estaria perplexo ao deliberar consigo mesmo sobre as razões opostas.
Basta que o leitor interrogue sua própria experiência para dar conta de que, em nenhuma matéria, a verdade é obtida de uma hora para a outra. A verdade sempre aparece misturada com o erro, e o caminho que a ela conduz vai em ziguezague: “Dentro de minha cabeça, o ‘sim’ e o ‘não’ travam uma guerra”. Entretanto, cada um de nós infelizmente vê as coisas de um lado apenas, e tem dificuldades para sair de si e vê-las sob outra perspectiva. A expressão “consigo mesmo” denota que cada um de nós deveria duplicar-se para se converter em um “eu” distinto. Nem todos conseguem desprender tal esforço.
Essa é a tese que justifica a formação colegiada do juiz, da qual falei anteriormente. O leitor já se perguntou por quê Deus nos
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deu dois olhos, em vez de um só? Somente quem tem dois olhos e vê as coisas sob dois pontos de vista pode enxergá-las em relevo. Em comparação com o juiz colegiado, o juiz singular tem a inferioridade de um monóculo. Assim, a vantagem da formação cole-giada é facilitar a discussão. Nesse sentido, já não há necessidade de tentar duplicar-se em um “eu” distinto de si, pois podem discutir, pessoas diversas. É pouco provável – para não dizer “impossível” – que todos os juízes do colegiado vejam a causa do mesmo modo. Por isso, a visão plurilateral substitui a visão unilateral, quase inevitável quando se tem apenas um juiz. Cada magistrado agrega algo ao que dizem os demais, de maneira que o contraste entre as diversas opiniões possa formar uma opinião comum próxima à verdade.
Ainda assim, a discussão no seio do colegiado não é...
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