- Início
- Livros E Revistas
- Curso de Direito Processual do Trabalho Vol. I. Processo de Conhecimento 1
- Quarta Parte - Jurisdição
Jurisdição Voluntária
Autor | Manoel Antonio Teixeira Filho |
Páginas | 156-157 |
Page 156
Fala-se, também, de uma “jurisdição voluntária”; a impropriedade da expressão, contudo, é evidente, sob os rigores da técnica. Não há, aí, partes, mas, interessados; processo, mas, procedimento. Nem o Estado atua de maneira voluntária. Efetivamente, estabelece o art. 1.104 do CPC que “O procedimento terá início por provocação do interessado ou do Ministério Público”. Onde, pois, está o seu caráter de “voluntária?”.
Essa suposta jurisdição nada mais representa do que um ato de administração pública de interesses privados realizada pelos juízes. Quando, v. g., a Justiça do Trabalho homologa a opção de empregado pelo regime do FGTS, com efeito retroativo, não está a exercer função jurisdicional e sim, como dissemos, realizando mero ato de administração de interesses privados.
A participação do órgão judiciário, portanto, não é “voluntária”, mas, ao contrário, provocada pelos interessados. A este respeito é importante mencionar duas normas do CPC: o art. 1.º, de acordo com o qual a jurisdição civil, seja contenciosa ou voluntária, é exercida pelos juízes — com isso, o Código reconhece, de maneira expressa, a existência e uma jurisdição “voluntária”; o art. 2.º, conforme o qual o juiz somente prestará a tutela jurisdicional quando a parte ou o interessado a requerer — de tal maneira que mesmo na jurisdição voluntária o magistrado não a pode exercer por sua iniciativa (ex officio).
Dinamarco, todavia, entende que na jurisdição voluntária não há administração, mas atividade jurisdicional, pois aqui também se exige o contraditório, a sentença deve ser fundamentada, há o duplo grau de jurisdição, etc. Argumenta o notável processualista: “Essas características da jurisdição voluntária afastam a tradicional ideia de que ela não teria natureza jurisdicional, sendo administração. Na jurisdição voluntária é tênue o escopo jurídico de atuar a vontade do direito, incluído entre as características da jurisdição e do próprio sistema processual, mas isso não basta para desfigurá-la porque o direito moderno dá primazia a outros escopos, notadamente o de solucionar conflitos para pacificar pessoas. A exclusividade do escopo jurídico da jurisdição, própria do período conceitual do direito processual civil, mas repudiada na processualística moderna (...), seria no passado uma válida premissa para a negação do caráter jurisdicional à jurisdição voluntária, mas hoje não tem mais essa força. Em todos os casos nos quais o juiz é chamado a exercer a...
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