Prefácio
Páginas | 11-12 |
Page 11
No âmbito da proteção social, as políticas assistenciais são as que mais dificilmente são percebidas como fundadas em um autêntico direito humano e fundamental.
Por consistirem em ações e prestações não contributivas, os direitos de assistência social carregam o estigma de serem considerados direitos menores, se comparados aos demais direitos de seguridade social e, ainda mais débeis, quando comparados aos direitos humanos e fundamentais de primeira dimensão (direitos de liberdade).
Dois passos se mostram importantes para o reconhecimento, a proteção e a efetivação dos direitos assistenciais.
Primeiro, o reconhecimento de sua imposição normativa de dignidade constitucional.
O direito à assistência social encontra-se consagrado constitucionalmente desde que, em 1988, a Constituição da República plasmou a seguridade social como nosso modelo de proteção social. Logrou-se evoluir, assim, em termos de proteção social, em relação ao modelo dos seguros sociais, prevalecentes até então.
O modelo dos seguros sociais manifestava o pensamento político de que a proteção social se deveria dar em razão do mérito de cada pessoa. Nessa perspectiva, seria justo oferecer proteção social a quem cooperasse para o desenvolvimento social e contribuísse igualmente para um fundo comum a que se acorreria no caso de determinadas eventualidades. Por tal razão, as pessoas protegidas por esse sistema de proteção social eram fundamentalmente os trabalhadores formais e seus familiares.
A adoção de uma tal técnica de proteção social não impedia, reconheça-se, o emprego de uma ou outra política assistencial de proteção a pessoas carentes, mas elas não eram compreendidas como um direito reivindicável pelos seus destinatários. Antes, podiam ser discernidas como fruto de contingências socioeconômicas favoráveis que tornavam possível a provisão de prestações mínimas destinadas à habilitação e à integração social dos excluídos da participação social, cultural e econômica. Encontravam-se, tais prestações, como que em um amplo âmbito de discricionariedade dos agentes políticos, correspondendo a uma benesse, um favor quase que imerecido, uma dádiva mais ou menos arbitrária.
Quem sabe se pode afirmar que as ações assistenciais encontravam-se radicadas, menos na solidariedade, mais na compaixão e na benemerência. Isso porque o chamado modelo bismarckiano era fundado em uma noção fraca de solidariedade, pois simplesmente organizava o pagamento de prêmios pelos trabalhadores...
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