Dissídios Coletivos
Autor | Amauri Mascaro Nascimento/Sônia Mascaro Nascimento |
Páginas | 590-593 |
Page 590
Dissídios coletivos são aqueles destinados a solucionar os conflitos coletivos de trabalho. Neles, “está em jogo o interesse abstrato de grupo ou categoria” (MARANHÃO). Particularizam-se pelo seu objeto, que é a condição de trabalho genericamente considerada com caráter normativo, e as partes, que são pessoas indiscriminadas, representadas em juízo pelos órgãos sindicais, salvo exceções.
Quanto às partes que nele figuram, existem processos coletivos entre organizações sindicais de empregados contra organizações sindicais de empregadores e entre aquelas e uma ou mais empresas diretamente.
Quanto ao objeto, os processos coletivos são constitutivos e declaratórios. Os processos coletivos constitutivos destinam-se a criar uma regulamentação coletiva nova ou a rever as condições de trabalho constituídas por anterior regulamentação, atualizando-as. Os processos coletivos declaratórios limitam-se à interpretação de uma regulamentação coletiva em vigência.
Quanto à instauração, há processos coletivos voluntários e coactos. Voluntários, quando ajuizados pelas partes interessadas. Coactos, quando instaurados ex officio pelo órgão jurisdicional ou em decorrência de iniciativa da Procuradoria da Justiça do Trabalho, como ocorre nos casos de greve.
Quanto ao direito material constituído ou declarado, existem processos coletivos salariais, cuja matéria é limitada a aumentos salariais, e processos coletivos não salariais, que têm por fim toda e qualquer condição de trabalho, como férias, jornada de trabalho, repouso etc.
Declara o art. 114, § 2º, da Constituição Federal:
Recusando-se qualquer das partes à negociação coletiva ou à arbitragem, é facultado às mesmas, de comum acordo, ajuizar dissídio coletivo de natureza econômica, podendo a Justiça do Trabalho
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decidir o conflito, respeitadas as disposições mínimas legais de proteção ao trabalho, bem como as convencionadas anteriormente.
Ressalte-se, do texto, que antes de propor dissídio coletivo as partes devem esgotar a possibilidade de solução do conflito por negociação coletiva ou arbitragem. O impulso processual do dissídio coletivo econômico, que era unilateral, agora é bilateral, dependendo, pela lei, do consentimento das duas partes — o que sugere a alguns doutrinadores...
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