Princípios - conceito e tipologia universal
Autor | Augusto César Leite de Carvalho |
Páginas | 11-13 |
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Os princípios jurídicos, como tantos o disseram, enunciam valores1 que encerram compromissos legitimamente assumidos, na seara política, com vistas à harmonização do tecido social. Não descrevem condutas, como fazem as regras -com as quais compartilham a função normativa. Nesse estágio de pura idealização, é compreensível que os princípios tendam mais à abstração que as regras jurídicas.
Tal não significa que os princípios, por expressarem ideias - e não condutas, ou por não expressarem, como as regras, sanções correspondentes a condutas socialmente reprováveis -, desgarram-se inteiramente da sua origem intencional. Importa, ao contrário, indagar acerca da importância dos reais motivos que inspiraram o poder constituinte, a cada vez que consagrara um princípio.
Após ilustrar como os delegados constituintes que participaram da Convenção de Filadélfia - responsável pela elaboração da Constituição estadunidense - poderiam ter em mente intenções abstratas (importância, v.g., do devido processo legal) e também intenções concretas (impressão de que os psiquiatras estariam recebendo honorários muito elevados em perícias judiciais e, portanto, seria adequado evitar a adoção de prova pericial), Dworkin problematiza:
"Talvez a razão por que os juízes devam ter em vista antes as intenções abstratas que as concretas (se é que devem) encontre-se em alguma teoria processual sobre o nível adequado de abstração para uma constituição democrática."2
Ilustrativamente, o que estaria - perguntamos nós - a inquietar a mente do constituinte brasileiro de 1988 quando consagrou, entre os fundamentos da
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República, "os valores sociais do trabalho e da livre iniciativa"? Sua intenção original seria somente a de categorizar o trabalho e a liberdade empresarial como valores sociais autónomos? Enfatizar que mencionados valores deveriam interagir? Ou sua intenção seria a de correlacionar esses valores sociais para não consentir o trabalho que onerasse demasiadamente o empreendimento? Ou seria sua, enfim, a intenção de admitir apenas a liberdade de empresa que guardasse sintonia com o reconhecimento do trabalho como valor? É dizer, ainda com Dworkin:
"A questão importante para a teoria constitucional não é se a intenção dos que fizeram a Constituição deveria ser considerada, mas antes o que deveria contar como essa intenção. Qualquer resposta...
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