Acidente do trabalho e responsabilidade civil subjetiva: matéria constitucional
Autor | Jorge do Val |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado Associado Do Val, Pereira de Almeida e Nascimento Advogados |
Atualmente, muito se discute sobre qual a natureza da responsabilidade civil a ser aplicada nos casos das ações visando o recebimento de danos morais e/ou materiais, movidas contra o empregador e que envolvam acidentes ou doenças profissionais.
Cumpre salientar que, devido à edição da Emenda Constitucional nº 45/04, a competência para apreciação destes litígios foi transferida da Justiça Comum para a Justiça do Trabalho1.
Parte da doutrina, acompanhada por minoritário posicionamento jurisprudencial, entende ser aplicada nesses casos a responsabilidade civil objetiva, na qual prescinde-se da ocorrência de culpa ou dolo, para a caracterização da responsabilização do empregador, aplicando à tese, analogicamente, o previsto no Código Civil de 2002 em seu artigo 927, parágrafo único, que diz:
“Art. 927. Aquele que, por ato ilícito (arts. 186 e 187), causar dano a outrem, fica obrigado a repará-lo.
Parágrafo único. Haverá obrigação de reparar o dano, independentemente de culpa, nos casos especificados em lei, ou quando a atividade normalmente desenvolvida pelo autor do dano implicar, por sua natureza, risco para os direitos de outrem.”
omo se vê no artigo acima mencionado, somente se aplica a responsabilidade civil objetiva nos casos prescritos em lei ou, então, quando a atividade promova risco efetivo à direito alheio.
Deste entendimento, se aplicaria a responsabilidade civil objetiva aos empregadores que desenvolvam atividades potencialmente prejudiciais aos seus empregados, caso ocorra um acidente ou doença laborativa.
Todavia, além de não existir na legislação lei específica que aplique a responsabilidade civil objetiva nesses casos, é temerário deixar à própria convicção dos magistrados, ao julgarem as ações de cunho indenizatório acima descritas, a definição do que venha a ser atividade de risco, pela insegurança jurídica que tal fato pode criar.
O que esquecem estes doutrinadores e magistrados ao aplicarem a teoria da responsabilidade objetiva, é que no Estado Democrático de Direito, deve-se observar o princípio da legalidade, contido no inciso II do artigo 5º da Constituição Federal de 1988. Nesse sentido ensina Alexandre de Moraes2:
“O art. 5º, II, da Constituição Federal, preceitua que ninguém será obrigado a fazer ou deixar de fazer alguma coisa senão em virtude de lei. Tal princípio visa combater o poder arbitrário do Estado. Só por meio das espécies normativas devidamente elaboradas conforme as regras de processo legislativo...
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- Acidente do trabalho e responsabilidade civil subjetiva: matéria constitucional
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