O Autor a Quem Ler
Autor | Cesare Beccaria |
Páginas | 19-24 |
Page 19
Algumas reminiscências de um antigo povo conquistador, mandadas ser compiladas por um príncipe que reinava em Constantinopla há doze séculos, de envolta com ritos lombardos, e acobertados por confusos volumes de comentadores particulares e obscuros, forma aquela tradição de opiniões que tem o nome de leis numa grande parte da Europa; e é comum e condenável, atualmente, que uma opinião de Carpsow, um antigo costume indicado por Claro, um suplício com a irada complacência de Farinaccio, sejam as leis a que seguramente obedecem os que deviam timidamente dispor das vidas e fortunas dos homens. Essas leis, produto dos séculos mais bárbaros, são examinadas neste livro no que diz interesse ao sistema criminal; e ousa-se expor-lhes as desordens aos responsáveis pela felicidade pública, por meio de um estilo que afasta
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o vulgo ilustrado e impaciente. A ingênua investigação da verdade e a independência das opiniões vulgares com que está escrita esta obra são consequências de um governo iluminado e suave sob que vive o autor. Os grandes monarcas, os benfeitores da humanidade, que nos regem, amam a verdade exposta pelo obscuro filósofo com um vigor não fanático, somente rechaçado pela razão e unicamente suscitado por quem se vale da força ou do engano, repelido pela razão; e as desordens pretensas são, para quem lhes examina todas as consequências, a sátira e a reprovação das idades passadas, mas não deste século e de seus legisladores.
Quem queria honrar-me com suas críticas, comece, pois, a entender o objetivo da obra; fim que, muito longe de enfraquecer a legítima autoridade, servirá para aumentá-la, já que, nos homens, a convicção pode mais do que a força, e a suavidade e a humanidade justificam a autoridade aos olhos de todos. As críticas mal-intencionadas, publicadas contra este livro, baseiam-se em confusas noções, e me obrigam a interromper por um momento meus raciocínios aos iluminados leitores, a fim de encerrar, de uma vez por todas, os erros de um zelo timorato, ou as calúnias da inveja maligna.
Três são as fontes de que derivam os princípios morais e políticos reguladores dos homens: a reve-
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lação, a lei natural e as convenções formadoras da sociedade. Não há comparação entre a primeira e as outras no que diz respeito ao principal de seus fins; assemelham-se, porém, em que todas conduzem à felicidade desta vida mortal. Considerar as relações da última não é excluir as relações das duas primeiras; pelo...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Dos delitos e das penas
- Advertência
- Dos Delitos e das Penas
- O Autor a Quem Ler
- Introdução
- Origem das Penas. Direito de Punir
- Consequências
- Da Interpretação das Leis
- Obscuridade das Leis
- Da Prisão
- Indícios e Formas de Juízos
- Das Testemunhas
- Acusações Secretas
- Perguntas Capciosas. Depoimentos
- Dos Juramentos
- Da Tortura
- Processos e Prescrição
- Tentativas, Cúmplices, Impunidade
- Da Suavidade das Penas
- A Pena de Morte
- Do Banimento e das Confiscações
- Da Desonra
- Da Publicidade e Presteza das Penas
- Da Certeza e Infalibilidade das Penas. Indulto
- Dos Asilos
- Do Uso de pôr a Cabeça a Prêmio
- Da Proporção entre os Crimes e as Penas
- Medida dos Crimes
- Divisão dos Crimes
- Crimes de Lesa-Majestade
- Crimes contra a Segurança do Particular, Violências
- Injúrias
- Os Duelos
- Furtos
- Contrabandos
- Dos Devedores
- A Tranquilidade Pública
- Da Ociosidade
- O Suicídio e os Emigrantes
- Crimes de Prova Difícil
- De uma Espécie Particular de Crimes
- Falsas Ideias de Utilidade
- O Espírito de Família
- O Fisco
- Dos Meios de Prevenir Crimes
- Conclusão
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