Dos Devedores
Autor | Cesare Beccaria |
Páginas | 147-150 |
Page 147
A boa-fé nos contratos e a segurança do comércio obrigam o legislador a assegurar aos credores as pessoas dos devedores falidos. Porém, julgo importante distinguir o falido doloso do falido inocente: deverá o primeiro ser punido com a mesma pena destinada aos falsificadores de moeda; por não ser crime mais grave falsificar um pedaço de metal cunhado, o que é o penhor das obrigações dos cidadãos, do que falsificar as próprias obrigações. Contudo, o falido inocente, aquele que, depois de rigoroso exame, demonstrou aos juízes que, por causa da malícia ou da desgraça alheia ou de vicissitudes inevitáveis para a prudência humana, o despojaram de seus haveres, por que bárbaro motivo deverá ser atirado a uma prisão, privado do único e triste bem que lhe resta, a pura liberdade, e sofrer as angústias dos culpados e, como desespero, da honradez oprimida, arrepender-se talvez daquela inocência com que vivia tranquilo sob a proteção das leis que
Page 148
não tinha o propósito de ofender? Leis ditadas pela avareza dos poderosos e suportadas pelos fracos com a esperança que geralmente brilha no espírito humano, o que faz crer que são para os outros os acontecimentos desfavoráveis, e para nós os vantajosos! Abandonados aos seus mais óbvios sentimentos, os homens amam as leis cruéis, porquanto, a elas sujeitos, seria do interesse de cada um que fossem moderadas, por ser maior o temor de ser ofendido do que a vontade de molestar. Voltando ao falido inocente, digo que deverá ser sua obrigação inesgotável até o total pagamento, e não lhe é dado furtar-se sem o consentimento das partes interessadas, nem transferir para outra legislação seu negócio sob pena de ser obrigado a pô-lo em estado de satisfazer na proporção de seus ganhos; qual será o pretexto legítimo, como a segurança do comércio, ou a sagrada propriedade dos bens, que justifique uma privação de liberdade, que é inútil, exceto no caso de que, com os males da escravidão, se possam descobrir os segredos de um falido que erradamente se julgou inocente, caso que é muito raro na suposição de que se tenha previamente feito uma rigorosa investigação? Creio que deve ser máxima legislativa que o valor dos inconvenientes políticos está na razão direta do dano público e na inversa da improbabilidade de se verificar.
Page 149
Poder-se-ia distinguir o dolo da culpa grave, a grave da leve, e esta da...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Dos delitos e das penas
- Advertência
- Dos Delitos e das Penas
- O Autor a Quem Ler
- Introdução
- Origem das Penas. Direito de Punir
- Consequências
- Da Interpretação das Leis
- Obscuridade das Leis
- Da Prisão
- Indícios e Formas de Juízos
- Das Testemunhas
- Acusações Secretas
- Perguntas Capciosas. Depoimentos
- Dos Juramentos
- Da Tortura
- Processos e Prescrição
- Tentativas, Cúmplices, Impunidade
- Da Suavidade das Penas
- A Pena de Morte
- Do Banimento e das Confiscações
- Da Desonra
- Da Publicidade e Presteza das Penas
- Da Certeza e Infalibilidade das Penas. Indulto
- Dos Asilos
- Do Uso de pôr a Cabeça a Prêmio
- Da Proporção entre os Crimes e as Penas
- Medida dos Crimes
- Divisão dos Crimes
- Crimes de Lesa-Majestade
- Crimes contra a Segurança do Particular, Violências
- Injúrias
- Os Duelos
- Furtos
- Contrabandos
- Dos Devedores
- A Tranquilidade Pública
- Da Ociosidade
- O Suicídio e os Emigrantes
- Crimes de Prova Difícil
- De uma Espécie Particular de Crimes
- Falsas Ideias de Utilidade
- O Espírito de Família
- O Fisco
- Dos Meios de Prevenir Crimes
- Conclusão
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