Da Certeza e Infalibilidade das Penas. Indulto
Autor | Cesare Beccaria |
Páginas | 109-111 |
Page 109
Um dos maiores freios dos crimes não é a cruel-dade das penas, mas sua infalibilidade e, por consequência, a vigilância dos magistrados e a severidade de um juiz inexorável que, para ser uma virtude útil, deve acompanhar-se de uma legislação suave. A certeza de um castigo, ainda que moderado, produzirá sempre uma impressão mais forte do que o temor de um outro mais terrível, unidos à esperança da impunidade; porque os males, ainda que mínimos, quando são certos, intimidam sempre os ânimos humanos, ao passo que a esperança, dádiva celestial que, a miúdo, tudo substitui, afasta sempre a ideia dos males maiores, e mais ainda quando a impunidade, possibilitada pela avareza e pela fraqueza, aumenta-lhe a força.
Alguns se livram da pena de um pequeno crime quando a parte ofendida os perdia; ato que se conforma com a beneficência e a humanidade, mas
Page 110
que é contrário ao bem público; como se um cidadão particular pudesse, com seu perdão, eliminar a necessidade de exemplo, assim como pode condenar ao ressarcimento da ofensa. O direito de impor castigo não pertence a um só, mas a todos os cidadãos ou ao soberano. A parte ofendida só pode renunciar à sua parcela de direito, mas não anular a dos outros.
À medida que as penas se tornam mais suaves, fazem-se menos necessários a clemência e o perdão. Feliz a nação em que seriam funestos! Pois a clemência, virtude que às vezes tem sido o substitutivo de todos os deveres do trono para alguns soberanos, deveria ser excluída de uma legislação perfeita, em que as penas fossem brandas e regular e rápido o processo de julgamento. Parecerá dura esta verdade para quem viva na desordem de um sistema criminal, em que o perdão e os indultos são necessários na proporção do absurdo das leis e da atrocidade das condenações. É esta a mais bela prerrogativa do trono; este é o mais desejável atributo da soberania, é esta a desaprovação tácita que os benefícios dispensadores da felicidade pública dão a um código que, apesar de todas as suas imperfeições, tem por si o preconceito dos séculos, a volumosa e imponente roupagem de inúmeros comentadores, a respeitável...
Para continuar a ler
PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Livros e Revistas
- Dos delitos e das penas
- Advertência
- Dos Delitos e das Penas
- O Autor a Quem Ler
- Introdução
- Origem das Penas. Direito de Punir
- Consequências
- Da Interpretação das Leis
- Obscuridade das Leis
- Da Prisão
- Indícios e Formas de Juízos
- Das Testemunhas
- Acusações Secretas
- Perguntas Capciosas. Depoimentos
- Dos Juramentos
- Da Tortura
- Processos e Prescrição
- Tentativas, Cúmplices, Impunidade
- Da Suavidade das Penas
- A Pena de Morte
- Do Banimento e das Confiscações
- Da Desonra
- Da Publicidade e Presteza das Penas
- Da Certeza e Infalibilidade das Penas. Indulto
- Dos Asilos
- Do Uso de pôr a Cabeça a Prêmio
- Da Proporção entre os Crimes e as Penas
- Medida dos Crimes
- Divisão dos Crimes
- Crimes de Lesa-Majestade
- Crimes contra a Segurança do Particular, Violências
- Injúrias
- Os Duelos
- Furtos
- Contrabandos
- Dos Devedores
- A Tranquilidade Pública
- Da Ociosidade
- O Suicídio e os Emigrantes
- Crimes de Prova Difícil
- De uma Espécie Particular de Crimes
- Falsas Ideias de Utilidade
- O Espírito de Família
- O Fisco
- Dos Meios de Prevenir Crimes
- Conclusão
Subscribers can access the reported version of this case.
You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.
Subscribers are able to see a list of all the cited cases and legislation of a document.
You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.
Subscribers are able to see a list of all the documents that have cited the case.
You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.
Os assinantes podem ver as versões revisadas da legislação com emendas
You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.
Subscribers are able to see any amendments made to the case.
You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.
Subscribers are able to see a visualisation of a case and its relationships to other cases. An alternative to lists of cases, the Precedent Map makes it easier to establish which ones may be of most relevance to your research and prioritise further reading. You also get a useful overview of how the case was received.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.
Subscribers are able to see the list of results connected to your document through the topics and citations Vincent found.
You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits.
Por que se inscrever na vLex?
-
Over 100 Countries
Search over 120 million documents from over 100 countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more.
-
Thousands of Data Sources
Updated daily, vLex brings together legal information from over 750 publishing partners, providing access to over 2,500 legal and news sources from the world’s leading publishers.
-
Find What You Need, Quickly
Advanced A.I. technology developed exclusively by vLex editorially enriches legal information to make it accessible, with instant translation into 14 languages for enhanced discoverability and comparative research.
-
Over 2 million registered users
Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world.