A Proibição de Trabalho Escravo (ou Trabalho Forçado)
Autor | Arion Sayão Romita |
Ocupação do Autor | Academia Nacional do Direito do Trabalho |
Páginas | 314-317 |
Page 314
A Constituição, de 1988, dispõe (art. 5º, inciso XLVII, alínea c) que não haverá pena de trabalhos forçados. Trata-se de preceito que veda a previsão, por ato normativo infraconstitucional, de medida punitiva na órbita do Direito Penal, consistente na imposição de trabalho não voluntariamente aceito pelo apenado. Na história da execução da pena, registra-se a tendência a associar a privação da liberdade à obrigação de exercer trabalho, como forma de castigo e de exacerbação da própria pena. Como ensina Evaristo de Moraes Filho, "aliava-se o trabalho como complemento da pena, a fim de torná-la mais árdua e dolorosa, mais aflitiva e dura de suportar"1. Esta noção, viva no século XVIII e em boa parte do século XIX, só lentamente foi sendo abandonada. Durante o século XX, desenvolveu-se a ideia de que o trabalho do apenado tem o condão de afastá-lo da ociosidade e de livrá-lo das corrupções físicas, morais e intelectuais, incutindo-lhe noções de ressocialização e de recuperação, a fim de reintegrá-lo ao convívio social para uma vida útil e decente. O que a Constituição brasileira veda é o regresso a etapas já superadas na evolução histórica da execução da pena, incompatíveis com o respeito à dignidade do condenado: a imposição de trabalho não desejado violenta a própria natureza humana.
A Constituição, por outro lado, declara no art. 5º, inciso XIII, que é livre o exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão, atendidas as qualificações profissionais que a lei estabelecer. Trata-se de direito individual, não de direito social. O dispositivo, que consagra simplesmente a liberdade de ação profissional, não visa à proscrição do trabalho forçado. Presente no direito constitucional brasileiro desde a Constituição do Império, de 1824 (art. 179, inciso XXIV: nenhum gênero de trabalho pode ser proibido), a garantia de livre escolha da profissão integra o ideário liberal que se opunha aos entraves do regime corporativo típico do Ancien Régime. Não é propósito do preceito em exame proibir o trabalho forçado. De resto, nenhum dispositivo da Constituição assegura a liberdade de trabalho no sentido de proibição do trabalho escravo: a Constituição, caso assim procedesse, incidiria em inadmissível
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anacronismo. O dispositivo da Carta de 1988 limita-se a assegurar ao indivíduo liberdade de escolha de trabalho, ofício ou profissão, sem se preocupar com as condições materiais capazes de propiciar sua efetividade.
O fato de inexistir...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Direitos Fundamentais nas Relações de Trabalho
- Terceira parte
- Introdução
- A Dignidade da Pessoa
- A Proibição de Trabalho Escravo (ou Trabalho Forçado)
- O Respeito à Intimidade
- O Respeito à Vida Privada
- O Respeito à Honra
- O Respeito à Imagem
- Direito à Livre Manifestação do Pensamento; à Liberdade de Consciência e de Crença; e à Liberdade de Expressão e Informação
- Direito ao Sigilo da Correspondência e das Comunicações Telegráficas, de Dados e das Comunicações Telefônicas. A Questão do Correio Eletrônico
- Direito à Igualdade. Proibição de Discriminação
- Os Direitos de Solidariedade
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