Fundações com Rebaixamento do Lençol Freático - Responsabilidades por Danos na Vizinhança
Autor | Tito Lívio Ferreira Gomide |
Ocupação do Autor | Perito do Gabinete Gomide e professor de pós-graduação de Engenharia Legal |
Páginas | 17-25 |
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A execução de fundações em terrenos com lençol freático próximo à superfície, via de regra, causa movimentação do solo e eventuais danos nos imóveis vizinhos deficientes.
Tais ocorrências costumam redundar em conflitos entre esses vizinhos, muitos deles com a necessidade da realização de perícias de engenharia no local, para a determinação das causas pelo surgimento de eventuais anomalias construtivas, respectivas avaliações dos reparos e apurações de responsabilidades.
O rebaixamento do nível do lençol freático costuma ser necessário na execução das fundações quando a cota da obra está abaixo do mesmo, pois a presença da água acima do nível previsto muitas vezes impossibilita os serviços ou pode provocar instabilidades na base e taludes. Tal situação recomenda escoramentos mais cuidadosos e a drenagem dessa água acima da cota da obra. As técnicas do rebaixamento dependem dos tipos dos lençóis freáticos, que podem ser livres ou artesia-
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nos dependendo das camadas serem impermeáveis ou semipermeáveis, em geral constituídas por esgotamento através de bombas no interior da escavação encharcada ou de poços filtrantes em linha coletora de tubos cravados espaçadamente.
Os níveis de rebaixamento do lençol freático podem ser calculados e os efeitos no solo dependem do tipo de rebaixamento e de sua intensidade. Em geral, os rebaixamentos provocam movimentações no solo, principalmente recalques por adensamento da massa de solo, devido ao aumento de seu peso específico aparente pela redução do empuxo hidrostático e acréscimo da pressão entre as partículas constituintes do terreno seco.
O fenômeno pode afetar as edificações vizinhas, principalmente aquelas mais deficientes, com fundações diretas ou inadequadas, em solos granulares fofos. Em solos granulares medianamente compactos ou compactos as edificações vizinhas não costumam sofrer modificações significativas, à exceção de eventuais rebaixamentos com carreamento e perda de material, pois causam rigidez elevada nas partículas remanescentes e consequentes recalques.
Assim sendo, percebe-se que os rebaixamentos do lençol freático podem ser absolutamente imprescindíveis para a execução de determinadas obras com escavação, mas também é evidente que há riscos de danos na própria obra e imóveis vizinhos, recomendando cuidados especiais para evitá-los.
Os cuidados mais rotineiros para se evitar danos decorrentes dos rebaixamentos do lençol freático consistem na verificação prévia das...
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