Responsabilidade Patrimonial do Devedor
Autor | Manoel Antonio Teixeira Filho |
Ocupação do Autor | Advogado. Juiz aposentado do TRT da 9.ª Região |
Páginas | 188-191 |
Page 188
No passado remoto, o devedor que não satisfizesse determinada obrigação era submetido a penas degradantes da sua condição humana; no sistema da manus iniectio, v. g., ele poderia ser mantido em cárcere privado pelo credor; ser vendido a terceiro, como escravo, e o mais. O absurdo desse sistema atingia o seu ponto extremo ao permitir que o credor pudesse dispor da própria vida do devedor, inclusive, esquartejando-o.
Já não é assim, felizmente, nos tempos modernos.
Hoje, a execução tem como objeto não a pessoa física do devedor e sim o seu patrimônio; essa declaração se encontra insculpida, como autêntico princípio, no art. 789 do CPC, conforme o qual “O devedor responde com todos os seus bens presentes e futuros para o cumprimento de suas obrigações, salvo as restrições estabelecidas em lei”.
Esse deslocamento do objeto da execução forçada do corpo do devedor para o seu patrimônio econômico — denominado de “humanização da execução” — foi produto da influência da ideologia cristã sobre o espírito dos legisladores e dos governantes de outrora.
A execução é, portanto, sempre real; nunca pessoal. Como diz Andreas von Tuhr, em síntese precisa: “o crédito encerra um dever para o devedor e uma responsabilidade para o seu patrimônio”. (Tratado de las obligaciones. Madrid, 1934, vol. I, p. 10).
Não se deve confundir, todavia, débito (ou obrigação) com responsabilidade processual, pois o primeiro se estabelece entre o credor e o devedor, tendo por objeto certo bem, ao passo que a segunda se forma entre o devedor e o juiz, cujo objeto são bens indeterminados, presentes e futuros (CASTRO, Amílcar de. Comentários ao Código de Processo Civil. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 1979. p. 67-68). A sujeição do devedor ao poder jurisdicional é muito mais ampla e intensa que a obrigação, porquanto o juiz, “para levar a termo a execução, pode servir-se de coisas diversas da dívida” (Amílcar de Castro, obra cit., ibidem). É por esse motivo que Carnelutti compara a responsabilidade a um grande halo ao redor da obrigação.
Doutrinariamente, podem ser apontados dois objetos da execução: a) objeto imediato; e b) objeto mediato.
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Imediato — é a realização de medidas práticas e coercitivas, legalmente previstas, e necessárias para tornar concreta a sanção condenatória entranhada no título executivo.
Page 189
Lembremos que, refietindo o título executivo judicial o reconhecimento do direito do credor-exequente, o que este solicita ao Estado-juiz é a defiagração de atos específicos, tendentes a compelir o devedor a solver a obrigação; a incerteza do direito só se verificou no processo de conhecimento, que foi encerrado com a sentença de mérito, agora convertida em título executivo. No elenco das medidas coercitivas que podem ser adotadas pelo magistrado, inclui-se o arrombamento de portas, janelas, gavetas, móveis, etc. no...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Execução no Processo do Trabalho 12.ª Edição 2017
- Livro I - Generalidades
- Etimologia e Conceito
- Natureza Jurídica
- Escorço Histórico
- Processo de Execução
- Procedimento Executivo
- Ação de Execução
- Princípios Informativos da Execução
- Legitimidade
- Competência
- Interesse Processual
- Requisitos Necessários para Realizar a Execução
- Execução Definitiva e Execução Provisória
- Cumulação de Execuções
- Execução de Obrigações Alternativas
- Execução Sujeita a Condição ou Termo
- Execução de Prestações Sucessivas
- Responsabilidade Patrimonial do Devedor
- Fraude à Execução
- Ato Atentatório à Dignidade da Justiça
- Execução Contra a Fazenda Pública
- Execução Contra a Massa Falida e Contra as Sociedades em Regime de Liquidação Extrajudicial
- Prescrição Intercorrente
- Recurso na Execução
- Suspensão e Extinção da Execução
- Nulidade da Execução
- Desistência da Execução
- Liquidação da Sentença
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