Aplicação do método científico
Autor | José Fiker |
Ocupação do Autor | Doutor em Semiótica e Linguística Geral (com enfâse em Laudos Periciais) pela USP |
Páginas | 69-71 |
Page 69
Método, segundo Bunge (1980, p. 19), “é um procedimento regular, explícito e passível de ser repetido para conseguir-se alguma coisa, seja material ou conceitual”. O autor faz considerações históricas desde o método de Arquimedes para calcular áreas de figuras planas, passando pelo método indutivo de Bacon que caminhou para o que ele chama de metodolatria, que não requer talento nem preparação prévia, até Descartes, para quem as verdades só seriam obtidas a partir de princípios supremos, desprezando a experiência. Segundo Bunge, embora Leibniz criticasse o método de Descartes por servir somente após terem sido encontradas as verdades primeiras, ele mesmo, Leibniz, jamais conseguiu colocar em prática o seu método: o método da invenção. Prosseguia, portanto, a metodolatria a que se refere o autor.
Somente com Galileu, ensina-nos Bunge, vão surgir hipóteses que serão submetidas a prova experimental, dando origem à primeira fase da ciência moderna.
A partir de Galileu, segundo o autor, introduziram-se várias modificações no método científico, entre os quais o controle estatístico, assumindo então um controle da qualidade da teoria.
Page 70
Com isso, afirma o autor, que as teorias atingiram um tal grau de complexidade que não é fácil refutá-las, assumindo as afirmações científicas uma linguagem menos direta, menos categórica e mais cheia de hipóteses e de cautelas.
Os indutivistas e os dedutivistas, conforme o autor, acre-ditam que os dados empíricos são inequívocos e que todas as teorias devem poder ser comprovadas com dados empíricos. Exemplificando, com a termodinâmica relativista, o autor rejeita essa ideia, embora admita que uma ideia só pode ser considerada científica se for objetivamente comprovada com...
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PEÇA SUA AVALIAÇÃO- Linguagem do laudo pericial. Técnicas de comunicação e persuasão
- Sumário
- Objetivos centrais do estudo
- O que não se aprende na escola
- Perito e juiz falam de forma diferente
- Perito e juiz pensam de forma diferente
- Mecanismos de persuasão
- Polifonia, ilocução, perlocução
- Demonstração e argumentação
- O auditório do perito é o juiz
- O emprego da ilustração
- Espacialização, temporalidade, distanciamento pessoal
- O uso da sintaxe para acentuar a realidade
- Como evitar ambiguidades com termos de significados diversos
- Marcas que registram temas sobre os quais o perito disserta
- Ambiguidades linguísticas
- Coerência textual
- Traços reveladores de intenção
- Produção do discurso (laudo)
- A sentença do juiz
- O parecer técnico do assistente
- Formulação de quesitos
- Resposta aos quesitos
- Aplicação do método científico
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